Table of Contents
INFANT MORTALITY RATE, MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE, TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
• Infant Mortality Rate refers to the deaths of infants under age of one year per 1,000 live births.
• Infant Mortality Rate include Perinatal mortality, Neonatal mortality and Post-Neonatal mortality.
• Perinatal mortality only includes deaths from 22 weeks of pregnancy onward till 7th day after delivery. Neonatal mortality includes deaths in the first 28 days of life. Post neonatal mortality
only includes deaths after 28 days of life but before one year.
CHILD MORTALITY RATE AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE
•IMR is different from Child mortality, which refers to death of children below 5 years per 1000 live births.
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
Maternal mortality Rate refers to number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and
childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year.
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
Total Fertility Rate is the average number of children that a woman bears over her reproductive span.
The reproductive age span of women taken for statistical purpose is between 15-49 years. A Total Fertility Rate of 2.1 is considered to be a Replacement Rate, i.e. the rate at which a given population is able to produce enough offspring to replace itself.
A TFR of above 2.1 shows increasing population, while below 2.1 shows decreasing population.
Birth rates in the EU are low with the average woman having 1.6 children.
INDIA – RECENT DEVELOPMENT
• India has registered a significant decline in Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) recording a 22% reduction in such deaths since 2013, according to the Sample Registration System (SRS)
• The MMR has declined from 167 in 2011-2013 to 130 in 2014-2016, according to the special bulletin.
• The decline has been most significant in Empowered Action Group (EAG) states – from 246 to 188, it said.
EAG
•EAG states are those states where economic and development indicators are
a particular concern. Such states include Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.
MMR – WHO
•According to WHO, Maternal Mortality is death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.
NOTES
• Among states, the three best and worst states and their respective MMR are shown below:
UNION HEALTH MINISTER JP NADDA SAID ON TWITTER. MISSION INDRADHANUSH
It aims to immunize all children under the age of 2 years, as well as all pregnant women, against seven vaccine preventable diseases. The diseases being targeted are diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, measles and Hepatitis B. In addition to these,
vaccines for Japanese Encephalitis Other major initiatives under the umbrella of
National Health Mission (NHM) like augmentation of infrastructure and human
resource, capacity building, Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram which provides for free
transport and care for pregnant women have also contributed to the success.
SOUTH DOING BETTER
According to the Sample Registration System bulletin, in Southern states, the MMR has
decreased from 93 to 77
CHINA’S MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE DROPS IN 2017
• China’s maternal mortality rate contracted to 19.6 per 100,000 in 2017 from 19.9 per 100,000 the previous year.
• China plans to further reduce the maternal mortality rate to 12 per 100,000 and the infant mortality rate to five per thousand by 2030, according to an official guideline titled Healthy China 2030.
WhatsApp