Table of Contents
ARAB SPRING OR ARAB AWAKENING PART 1
• Mohamed Bouazizi, who was known locally as “Basboosa”, was born in Sidi Bouzid,
Tunisia, on 29 March 1984. His father, a construction worker in Libya, died of a heart
attack when Bouazizi was three.
• Bouazizi had worked various jobs since he was ten, and in his late teens he quit school in order to work full-time.
• He was a very modest man and was a bread whinner of his family.He started selling the
fruit at the age of 10.He even quit his studies to support the sisters education and started
working full time.
• He even helped the poor people and was a known face.
WHO WAS MOHAMED BOUAZIZI?
• According to friends and family, local police officers had allegedly targeted and mistreated
Bouazizi for years, including during his childhood, regularly confiscating his small
wheelbarrow of produce.
• On the morning of 17 December, he started his workday at 8 a.m. Just after 10:30 a.m., the
police began harassing him again, ostensibly because he did not have a vendor’s permit.
• Bouazizi’s family claims he was publicly humiliated, that a 45-year-old female
municipal official, Faida Hamdi. slapped him in the face, spat at him, confiscated his
electronic weighing scales, and tossed aside his produce cart. It was also stated that she made a
slur against his deceased.
SELF IMMOLATION
• Bouazizi did not have the funds to bribe police officials to allow his street vending to
continue.He pleaded from the officials but they refused to help.
• At that time in Tunisia bribery was at peak and he had no other means to feed his family.
Angered by the confrontation,he took the gasoline and poured all over the body.
• He burnt himself at 11:30 am in front of town hall and his cousin brother Ali shot the
whole scenario and that spark turned into fire.
• Bouazizi died at the Ben Arous Burn and Trauma Centre 18 days after the immolation,
on 4 January 2011, at 5:30 p.m. local time. It is estimated that more than 5,000 people
participated in the funeral.
SELF IMMOLATION
• He was a long time president or can say dictator of Tunisia since 1987(Then sworn
as the prime minister) overtaking Habib Bourguiba. His rule was very corrupt.There
was no open Election.
• He also holds a diploma in electronics engineering from a local university.He was in
military and He also served as the military intelligence chief from 1964 to 1974 and later
Director General of national security between December 1977 and 1980 until he was
appointed as Minister of Defense.
• He first advocated democracy but he built a One man rule and people didn’t had any rights.
ZINE EL ABIDINE BEN ALI
• The Tunisian Revolution was an intensive campaign of civil resistance, including a series of street demonstrations taking place in Tunisia, and led to the ousting of longtime president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. It eventually led to a thorough democratization of the country and to free and democratic elections.
• Riots in Tunisia were rare. Any form of protests in the country were previously successfully repressed and kept silent by the former regime and protesters would be jailed for such actions but bouazizi”s act created a spark.
• Media and tv were banned to show any news related to Buazizi and close monitoring was there but Internet cant be stopped.News quickly spreaded on face book and twitter and whole world was seeing it.
• On 24 December live firing took place and revolution soon spread across the whole country.
TUNISIAN REVOLUTION
• on 27 December with about 1,000 citizens expressing solidarity with residents of Sidi Bouzid and calling for jobs. The rally, which was called by independent trade union activists, was stopped by security forces.
• On 30 December, police peacefully broke up a protest in Monastir while using force to disrupt further demonstrations in Sbikha and Chebba.
• On 3 January 2011, protests in Thala over unemployment and a high cost of living turned violent. At a demonstration of 250 people, mostly students, in support of the protesters in Sidi Bouzid, police fired tear gas; one canister landed in a local mosque. In response, the protesters were reported to have set fire to tyres and attacked the office of Constitutional
Democratic Rally.
• On 6 January 95% of Tunisia’s 8,000 lawyers went on strike, according to the chairman of the national bar association.
TUNISIAN REVOLUTION END OF ALI’S RULE
• From the very beginning of revolution,Ben ali was comin on to the
television to address the nation and continuously seeking the support but the
situation turned upside down.
• On 10 January, the government announced the indefinite closure of
all schools and universities in order to quell the unrest. Days before
departing office, Ben Ali announced that he would not change the
present constitution, which was read as, in effect, promising to step
down in 2014 due to his age.
• On 14 January, Ben Ali dissolved his government and declared a state of
emergency. Officials said the reason for the emergency declaration was to
protect Tunisians and their property. People were also barred from
gathering in groups of more than three, otherwise courting arrest or being
shot if they tried to run away
END OF ALI’S RULE
• On the same day, Ben Ali fled the country for Malta under Libyan
protection. Following Ben Ali’s departure from the country, a state of
emergency was declared. Army Commander Rashid Ammar pledged to
“protect the revolution.” Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi then
briefly took over as acting President.
• As a date was announced for an election in mid-July 2011 and Mohamed
Beji Caid Essebsi is a present President of Tunisia since December
2014. Previously he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1981 to
1986 and as Prime Minister from February 2011 to December 2011.
• Essebsi is the founder of the Nidaa Tounes political party, which won
a plurality in the 2014 parliamentary election. In December 2014, he
won the first regular presidential election following the Tunisian
Revolution, becoming Tunisia’s first freely and directly elected president.
YOUSSEF CHAHED IS THE PRESENT PRIME MINISTER OF TUNISIA
ARAB SPRING OR ARAB AWAKENING PART 2
EXPANSION OF REVOLUTION
• After the Tunisian revolution it spread worldwide. The effects of the
Tunisian Revolution spread strongly to five other countries: Libya,
Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain, where either the regime was toppled
or major uprisings and social violence occurred, including riots, civil wars
or insurgencies.
• Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, Iraq, Algeria,
Iranian Khuzestan, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman and Sudan. Minor
protests occurred in Djibouti, Mauritania, the Palestinian National
Authority, Saudi Arabia, and the Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara. A
major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is ash-shaʻb
yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām (“the people want to bring down the regime”).
EGYPT
• Protests in Egypt began on 25 January 2011 and ran for 18 days. Beginning
around midnight on 28 January, the Egyptian government attempted, somewhat
successfully, to eliminate the nation’s Internet access.
• Later that day, as tens of thousands protested on the streets of Egypt’s major cities,
President Hosni Mubarak dismissed his government, later appointing a new
cabinet. Mubarak also appointed the first Vice President in almost 30 years.
• The military immediately dissolved the Egyptian Parliament, suspended the
Constitution of Egypt, A civilian, Essam Sharaf, was appointed as Prime
Minister of Violent protests however, continued through the end of 2011.
• Hosni Mubarak and his former interior minister Habib al-Adli were sentenced to life
in prison.His successor, Mohamed Morsi, was sworn in as Egypt’s first
democratically elected president before judges at the Supreme Constitutional
Court. Fresh protests erupted in Egypt on 22 November 2012. On 3 July 2013,
the military overthrew the replacement government and President Morsi was
removed from power.
LIBYA
• Anti-government protests began in Libya on 15 February 2011. By 18
February the opposition controlled most of Benghazi, the country’s
second-largest city.
• On 17 March, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 was
adopted, authorising a no-fly zone over Libya, and “all necessary
measures” to protect civilians.
• n late August, anti-Gaddafi fighters captured Tripoli, scattering Gaddafi’s
government and marking the end of his 42 years of power. Many
institutions of the government, including Gaddafi and several top
government official.
• However, after Gaddafi was killed, the Civil War continued.
YEMEN
• Protests occurred in many towns in both the north and south of Yemen starting in
mid-January 2011. Demonstrators initially protested against governmental
proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen, unemployment and economic
conditions, and corruption, but their demands soon included a call for the
resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh.
• A major demonstration of over 16,000 protesters took place in Sana’a on 27
January 2011. On 3 February, 20,000 protesters demonstrated against the
government in Sana. Saleh was evacuated to Saudi Arabia for treatment, but he
handed over power to Vice President Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi, who has
largely continued his policies.
• On 23 September, three months since the assassination attempt, Saleh returned to
Yemen abruptly, defying all earlier expectations. A presidential election was then
held on 21 February 2012, in which Hadi (the only candidate) won 99.8 percent of
the vote. By 27 February, Saleh had resigned from the presidency and
transferred power to his successor.
SYRIA
• Protests in Syria started on 26 January 2011, when a police officer assaulted a man in
public at “Al-Hareeka Street” in old Damascus. On 6 March, the Syrian security forces
arrested about 15 children in Daraa, in southern Syria, for writing slogans against the
government. Soon protests erupted over the arrest and abuse of the children.
• Thousands of protesters gathered in Damascus, Aleppo, al-Hasakah, Daraa, Deir ezZor,
and Hama on 15 March and ith recently released politician Suhair Atassi
becoming an unofficial spokesperson for the “Syrian revolution. On 18 April
2011, approximately 100,000 protesters sat in the central Square of Homs calling
for the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad.
• On 31 July, Syrian army tanks stormed several cities, including Hama, Deir Ez-Zour,
Abu Kamal, and Herak near Daraa. At least 136 people were killed, the highest death
toll in any day since the start of the uprising and By late January 2012, the Free Syrian
Army launched a full-scale attack against the government.
• By March 2012, the government began military operations against the opposition in
Idlib Governorate By late April 2012, despite a cease-fire being declared in the whole
country, sporadic fighting continued On 12 June 2012, the UN peacekeeping chief in
Syria stated that, in his view, Syria has entered a period of civil war.
RESULTS OF ARAB SPRING
• In the aftermath of the Arab Spring in various countries, there was a wave of violence
and instability commonly known as the Arab Winter. The Arab Winter was characterized
by extensive civil wars, general regional instability, economic and demographic decline
of the Arab League and overall religious wars between Sunni and Shia Muslims.
• Although the long-term effects of the Arab Spring have yet to be shown, its shortterm
consequences varied greatly across the Middle East and North Africa. In
Tunisia and Egypt, where the existing regimes were ousted and replaced through
a process of free and fair election, the revolutions were considered short-term
successes.
• This interpretation is, however, problematized by the subsequent political turmoil that
emerged, particularly in Egypt. Elsewhere, most notably in the monarchies of Morocco
and the Persian Gulf, existing regimes co-opted the Arab Spring movement and
managed to maintain order without significant social change. In other countries,
particularly Syria and Libya, the apparent result of Arab Spring protests was a complete
Societal collapse.
• Countries with greater access to social media, such as Tunisia and Egypt, proved more
effective in mobilizing large groups of people, and appear to have been more successful
overall than those with greater state control over media.
RESULTS OF ARAB SPRING
• Due to tourism coming to a halt and other factors during the revolution and Arab Spring
movement, the budget deficit has grown and unemployment has risen since 2011.
• In Egypt and Tunisia, the military actively participated in ousting the incumbent regime
and in facilitating the transition to democratic elections. Countries like Saudi Arabia, on
the other hand, exhibited a strong mobilization of military force against protesters,
effectively ending the revolts in their territories; others, including Libya and Syria, failed
to stop the protests entirely and instead ended up in civil war.
• Countries with strong welfare programs and a weak middle class, such as Saudi Arabia
and Jordan, as well as countries with great economic disparity and an impoverished
working class—including Yemen, Libya, and Morocco—did not experience successful
revolutions. The strength of the middle class is, in turn, directly connected to the existing
political, economic, and educational institutions in a country, and the middle class itself
may be considered an informal institution.
TIMELINE
• 2010 December Protests arose in Tunisia following Mohamed Bouazizi’s selfimmolation.
• 2011 January Protests arose in Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Syria, & Morocco. The
government was overthrown in Tunisia on 14th January 2011. On 25th January 2011,
thousands of protesters in Egypt gathered in Tahrir Square, in Cairo. They demanded
the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak. On 15 March, protests began in Syria.
• February 2011 On February 11th, the President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak resigned,
and transferred his powers to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.
• On February 15th 2011 protests broke out against Muammar Gaddafi’s regime in
Benghazi, Libya, starting the uprising that would soon turn into the Libyan Civil War.
• March 2011 On 3rd March, the former Prime Minister of Egypt, Ahmed Shafik, also
resigned, after protests.
• August 2011 Between 20th and 28th August, the Battle of Tripoli, occurred, in Libya.
Rebel forces captured, and effectively gained control of, the capital city of Tripoli,
therefore practically overthrowing the government of the dictator Muammar Gaddafi.
TIMELINE
• February 2012 Starting on 3rd February, the Syrian government began an attack on
the city of Homs. On 27th February, the President of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh,
officially resigned, and then transferred his powers to his Vice President, Abd Rabbuh
Mansur Al-Hadi.
• June 2012 On 2nd June, the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak was
sentenced to life in prison, by an Egyptian court. On 13th June, the former Tunisian
president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was sentenced to prison, by a Tunisian court. On
June 24th, 2012, Egypt’s election commission announced that Muslim Brotherhood
candidate Mohammed Morsi has won Egypt’s presidential runoff.
• July 2012 On 15th July, the International Committee of the Red Cross officially
declared that the Syrian uprising was now a civil war. Starting on 27th July,
government forces and rebels began fighting a battle to capture Syria’s largest city,
Aleppo. The UN reports that over 200,000 Syrian refugees have now fled the country,
ever since the fighting began.
TIMELINE
• November 2012 On 22 November 2012 Egyptian protests started, with mere
thousands of protesters demonstrating against Egyptian president Mohammed Morsi,
after less than 20% of the population being dissatisfied with his way of governance.
• January 2013 On 25 January, protests against Mohamed Morsi developed all over
Egypt.
• February 2013 In early February, Syrian rebels began an offensive on Damascus.
On 12 February 2013, the United Nations stated that the death toll of the Syrian civil
war had exceeded 70,000.
• July 2013Mohamed Morsi is deposed as President of Egypt in a coup d’état, followed
by clashes between security forces and protestors.
• January 2014 conflict between the Syrian opposition and the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant erupts.
• February 2014Egyptian government resigns, paving way for military chief Sisi to run
for president.
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