Table of Contents
NOBEL PRIZE
- The Nobel Prize is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.
- The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, economics and activism for peace.
- In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million). In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK. It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes
FRANCES HAMILTON ARNOLD
- Frances Hamilton Arnold (born July 25, 1956) is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate.
- She was awarded half the prize for conducting the first directed evolution of enzymes, leading to more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemicals, including drugs, and in the production of renewable fuels
- She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
WORK OF GEORGE SMITH
- Born in Norwalk, Connecticut(10 March 1941), he earned his A.B. degree from Haverford College in biology, was a high school teacher and lab technician for a year, and earned his Ph.D. degree in bacteriology and immunology from Harvard University.
- He is best known for phage display, a technique where a specific protein sequence is artificially inserted into the coat protein gene of a bacteriophage, causing the protein to expressed on the outside of the bacteriophage.
WORK OF GEORGE SMITH
- Smith developed a new way to evolve proteins and Winter used the method for evolving antibodies with the aim of producing new drugs.These antibodies can neutralize toxins, counteract autoimmune diseases and cure metastatic cancer.
- He won the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, sharing his prize with Greg Winter and Frances Arnold.
WORK OF GEORGE SMITH
SIR GREGORY PAUL WINTER
- Sir Gregory Paul Winter (born 14 April 1951) is a Nobel Prizewinning British biochemist best known for his work on the therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies.
- He is credited with invented techniques to both humanise (1986) and, later, to fully humanise using phage display, antibodies for therapeutic uses.
- For these developments Winter was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- He is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and was appointed Master of Trinity College, Cambridge on 2 October 2012. From 2006 to 2011, he was Deputy Director of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, acting Director from 2007 to 2008 and Head of the Division of Protein and Nucleic Acids Chemistry from 1994 to 2006.
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